The Direct and Indirect Impact of Household Income on Urban Residents' Sports Consumption: An Empirical Analysis Based on Data from Chinese Urban Residents

Objective This study examines how household income influences urban residents' sports consumption, focusing on the psychological benefits of sports participation, such as stress relief and improved emotional well-being. It explores both direct and indirect effects, considering mediating factors like psychological health, lifestyle, and consumption patterns. Methods Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this research employs the Tobit model to handle censored data (zero sports consumption), along with Bootstrap and endogeneity tests to ensure robust and statistically significant results. Mediation analysis is used to explore indirect pathways, particularly through psychological well-being. Results The study finds a positive relationship between household income and sports consumption. As income rises, so does spending on sports-related activities, with income indirectly promoting sports consumption by increasing overall leisure spending. Sports participation significantly improves psychological health by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. However, the "crowding-out effect" of longer working hours limits sports participation, reducing its psychological benefits. Conclusions Household income both directly and indirectly influences sports consumption, with psychological well-being acting as a key mediator. Policymakers should focus on balancing work and leisure to enhance the psychological and physical benefits of sports, while addressing regional disparities in sports opportunities to promote inclusive participation.