From Early Smoking to COPD and other Chronic Respiratory Disease: Unraveling the Roles of Chemical Pollutants and Underlying Toxicological Mechanisms

Despite the relationship between smoking and respiratory disorders has been well-known, the impact of early-smoking on human health and respiratory diseases remains limited. Using data of 157699 participants in UK Biobank (UKB) and 21727 participants in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we evaluated a significantly association between early smoking and human health. Early smoking participants showed a number of unfavorable healthy outcomes. The early-smoking induced to higher mortality and worse lung function. We focused on the role of pollutants in cigarette smoke during this process. We also found that early-smoking mainly influenced epithelial cell and inflammation, this process partly mediated by cadmium in cigarette smoking. The relationship between early-smoking and a series worse outcome suggests that medical personnel and whole society should pay more attention to the problem of adolescent smoking to prevent people from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other diseases.