A Millennial Chronicle of Architectural Adaptation: How Ancient Chinese Roofs Responded to Climate Change as Revealed in “Jiehua” Painting

Understanding how human construction practices have responded to climate fluctuations over millennia is a significant challenge in global change research. A key difficulty lies in the scarcity of high-resolution and reliable proxy indicators. This study takes a novel approach by decoding ancient Chinese architectural paintings, specifically Jiehua , as cultural proxies for climate adaptation. Through detailed geometric analysis of 111 roof ridge profiles from 48 representative paintings, chosen from over 20,000 artworks spanning a thousand years, we establish a strong quantitative relationship between roof design and large-scale paleoclimatic reconstructions. Our results show that even subtle variations in roof shape are closely tied to historical precipitation patterns, with a notable 93-year delay in response. Roof slope and curvature, in turn, exhibit time-lagged responses of 29 and 70 years, respectively, to changes in snowfall. This time-lagged, cross-scale relationship suggests a form of gradual, collective adaptation to climate shifts. Additionally, we introduce the concept of socio-ecological inertia, which describes the temporal lag between climatic pressures and their manifestation in architectural practices, transmitted across generations. These findings highlight the emergent property of traditional architecture: its adaptive evolution over millennia, shaped by environmental factors such as drainage needs and structural constraints. Our research opens a new avenue for reconstructing human-environment interactions through the careful study of art-historical imagery.