Psychosocial and Developmental Factors in Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (RCPD) is a recently described upper esophageal sphincter motility disorder caused by the inability of the cricopharyngeus muscle to relax, prohibiting belching. While clinical features and treatment have been reported, early life risk factors and etiology remain unclear. This study aimed to explore childhood experiences, comorbidities, and family history in individuals with RCPD. Methods This study utilized a cross-sectional survey of adults reporting cardinal symptoms of RCPD through an online community focused on RCPD. The survey included demographics, symptom profile, family history, neonatal and childhood experiences, psychological factors, and physician visits. Data was analyzed descriptively, and associations between clinical features and potential risk factors were assessed. Results Of 225 respondents, 211 met inclusion criteria (mean age 32 years; 69% female). Nearly all experienced abdominal bloating (98%), gurgling noises (98%), flatulence (90%), and inability to belch (100%). Painful hiccupping, a newer described symptom, was reported by 80%. Symptoms began before age 25 in 97%, and 29% reported a first-degree relative affected. Common early life experiences included emetophobia (39%), anxiety (38%), and difficulty being burped as an infant (20%). Experiences were not significantly associated with symptom severity, frequency, gender, or age of onset. Only 36% felt any physician understood their condition, and 18% reported their gastroenterologist improved their symptoms. Conclusion Psychological early life experiences and family history are prevalent in RCPD, suggesting a role for brain–esophagus interactions in its pathophysiology. Limited physician recognition highlights the need for greater awareness to reduce misdiagnosis and improve management of this emerging esophageal motility disorder.