Spatial Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Regional Agricultural Soils, Ilorin, Nigeria

Heavy metal pollution from cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) is a growing threat in agricultural areas, especially where food production is intensifying. In Ilorin, Nigeria, the rapid expansion of farming raises concerns about soil quality and longterm sustainability. However, localized data on the distribution and risks of these metals is scarce.This study addresses that gap by analyzing soils from eight farmlands across Ilorin. Soil quality varied by location, Oyun had better conditions, with higher moisture (20.13%), pH (9.05), and organic matter (4.93%). In contrast, Ojagboro showed poor fertility and higher contamination potential. Cd was absent in some sites but reached 1.33 mg/kg in Otte. Pb ranged widely, from 14.67 mg/kg in Budo Abio to 82 mg/kg in Olaolu, sometimes exceeding safe thresholds. Copper (Cu) levels were between 6.33 and 20 mg/kg across sites. Multivariate tools like PCA and cluster analysis highlighted metal–soil relationships and probable pollution sources, such as fertilizers and pesticides. The ecological risk assessment showed moderate to high risk in several areas. Cu posed the highest risk in Eroomo, while Pb levels were most concerning in Olaolu. These findings call for improved soil monitoring systems in Ilorin.There is a need for responsible agrochemical use and targeted remediation strategies. Protecting soil health is essential for both food safety and environmental sustainability.