Heavy Metal Contamination and Bioaccumulation in Soil, Water, and Plants Around Urban Dumpsites in Zambia’s Copperbelt Mining Towns

Copper mining and smelting activities in Zambia's Copperbelt Province have led to significant environmental degradation. Vast amounts of mine waste and solid waste generated from urban settlements have resulted from improper waste disposal and landfilling, increasing heavy metal pollution and likely contributing to environmental degradation and health concerns. This study assessed the levels of heavy metal pollution in soil, water, and plants around dumpsites across three towns located within the Copperbelt province, namely Kitwe, Mufulira, and Chingola, evaluating the potential health risks and environmental impacts of the pollution. Samples were collected from the Ichimpe dumpsite in Kitwe, the Butondo dumpsite in Mufulira, and the Mutimpe dumpsite in Chingola, and analyzed for heavy metals, viz., Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, and Fe. Then compared heavy metal concentrations across dumpsites to identify differences between towns. The results showed significant variations in heavy metal concentrations among the three dumpsites. The order of heavy metal contents in soil was Fe > Cu > Zn > Mn > Co, while in water samples it was Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn > Co. Bio-accumulated heavy metals in plants followed the order Fe > Cu > Zn > Co > Mn. The Chingola dumpsite had the highest levels of heavy metal pollution. The study highlights the urgent need for improved waste management practices, regular monitoring, and strict regulations to mitigate environmental degradation and potential health impacts. Responsible mining practices and environmental stewardship are crucial to protect local communities and preserve the natural environment.