Analyzing the possible implications of Crude Oil Derived Pollutants in the Mangrove Sediment at different Pollution gradient

This study analyzes the concentrations of crude oil derived pollutants of a crude oil polluted mangrove sediments at different pollution sources/gradients in the Niger Delta, a region subjected to extensive oil exploration and frequent spills. Sediment samples were systematically collected from impacted mangrove creeks and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals using rigorous laboratory protocols, including Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The study incorporated ecotoxicological risk evaluation through ecological risk index and human health risk assessment via hazard quotient calculations, referencing established international guidelines and thresholds. Results indicated significantly elevated concentrations of TPH, PAHs, and heavy metals, with levels frequently surpassing both local and international sediment quality standards. Ecological risk analysis revealed the presence of chronic pollution and high toxicity for benthic organisms, while health risk assessments pointed to increased cancer and non-cancer risks for exposed populations, especially from carcinogenic PAHs and toxic metals. The findings underscore the compounded threat posed by oil-derived contaminants and co-occurring heavy metals within mangrove ecosystems, emphasizing the urgent need for robust pollution management, remediation initiatives, and health surveillance in the Niger Delta. The article advocates for integrated ecological restoration and regulatory enforcement to mitigate the impacts, thereby safeguarding both ecosystem functionality and public health in this vulnerable region.