Epidemic disease characteristics and control system of HFMD in Wanzai County, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province (2010-2024)

Objective This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Wanzai County from 2010 to 2024, identify key influencing factors, and provide evidence for local prevention and control strategies. Methods We collected reported HFMD case data and demographic information in Wanzai County from January 2010 to December 2024. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze temporal, spatial, and population distributions. Trend regression analysis was applied to incidence data, and pathogen composition changes were examined. Results A total of 8,101 HFMD cases were reported during the study period, with an average annual incidence rate of 101.71 per 100,000. Case numbers peaked in 2015 and 2018, followed by a continuous decline after 2019. Seasonal distribution showed a bimodal pattern in most years, with the main peak from May to July and a secondary peak in October. From 2021 to 2023, an increasing trend was observed from November to December. Spatial analysis revealed significant clustering, with Kangle Town and Zhutan Town as high-incidence areas. Children aged 1–3 years constituted the high-risk group, and scattered children were the main affected population, though the proportion of cases among childcare facility children increased after 2020. Male incidence was significantly higher than female incidence ( P  < 0.05), with a sex ratio declining in recent years. Pathogen analysis indicated significant gender differences in infection with different enterovirus strains ( P  < 0.05). Conclusion HFMD in Wanzai County demonstrates distinct temporal, spatial, and population clustering. Prevention and control efforts should be intensified in high-incidence areas, targeted towards key demographic groups, and reinforced during peak seasons through enhanced surveillance and health education.