Determinants of Oral Pathogen Prevalence in North-East Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Oral diseases remain a major public health problem globally, with limited data available from North-East Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence of oral pathogens and their risk factors among patients in North-East Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 303 patients with oral health complaints in selected health facilities. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Oral swabs were processed for pathogens using standard microbiological techniques. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square tests and logistic regression to identify predictors of infection, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results Overall, 37.29% of participants were positive for at least one oral pathogen. The most prevalent organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (16.17%) and Streptococcus mutans (12.21%). Females (21.8%) and urban residents (23.1%) exhibited significantly higher prevalence than males (15.5%) and rural residents (14.2%). Brushing frequency and flossing were significantly associated with lower infection risk. Conclusion The study revealed a high prevalence of oral pathogens among patients in North-East Nigeria, with S. aureus and S. mutans as the predominant isolates. Poor oral hygiene practices, female gender, and residence were key determinants. Strengthening oral health education, promoting regular tooth brushing and flossing, and improving access to preventive dental services could help in reducing the burden of oral infections in the region. Clinical trial number Not applicable.