Influence of a disturbance gradient on natural regeneration and understory diversity in semi-deciduous dense forests of Cameroon

This study evaluates the differential effects of anthropogenic disturbances on natural regeneration patterns in Angossas Communal Forest (ACF) through a comprehensive inventory of woody vegetation along 2000 × 20 m linear transects covering 40 ha. We assessed disturbance levels, characterized land-use types, and stratified woody plants by diameter classes to examine understory diversity. Tree stumps were systematically documented to evaluate species regeneration capacity.Results demonstrate that the understory accounts for 80.85% of total stem density, with saplings (66.14%) constituting the dominant regeneration component. Ecological attributes varied significantly along the disturbance gradient (p < 0.05), showing peak sapling density in highly disturbed areas (875 stems. ha ^− 1 ) versus optimal seedling density in lightly disturbed zones (1467 stems. ha ^− 1 ). Mature secondary forests (MSF) with minimal disturbance exhibited the highest understory density for saplings (5267 ± 2838 stems. ha ^− 1 ) and maintained moderate seedlings density (1150 ± 780 stems. ha ^− 1 ), while displaying maximum diversity values (Shannon index: 2.7–2.9) and species richness, albeit with low floristic similarity among strata (10%).Vegetative regeneration was particularly active, with 78.78% of stumps producing an average of 5.00 ± 3.92 sprouts per stump, showing significant correlations with stump diameter and height (p < 0.05). These findings reveal partial ecosystem resilience through vigorous vegetative regeneration, while highlighting critical vulnerabilities in recruitment success.The study advocates for an integrated management approach combining conservation measures, sustainable harvesting practices, and active restoration strategies that capitalize on natural regeneration processes. We propose developing an adaptive management plan that incorporates ecological gradient mapping to optimize long-term forest resilience while addressing local community needs.