Prevalence of Avian Influenza Virus and Associated Risk Perception in Commercial Poultry Farms in Kaduna State and Metropolis

Avian influenza virus (AIV) continues to pose a significant threat to poultry production and public health because of its economic impact, zoonotic potential, and capacity for rapid spread in endemic regions. This study investigated the prevalence of AIV and assessed farmers’ risk perception in commercial poultry farms across Kaduna State and its metropolis. Through combined serological screening and molecular diagnostics, a farm-level AIV prevalence of 33% was observed, indicating widespread exposure among poultry holdings. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chian Reaction (RT-PCR) further confirmed an overall molecular prevalence of 7.3%, comprising 2.6% H5 and 4.7% H9 subtypes. The detection of both subtypes underscores ongoing circulation of AIV in the region. Despite this, the risk-perception assessment revealed limited understanding of AIV transmission, biosecurity practices, and zoonotic implications among many poultry farmers. The coexistence of moderate molecular detection rates with high serological exposure highlights critical gaps in prevention practices and emphasizes the need for targeted farmer education, improved biosecurity, and sustained surveillance. These findings provide essential evidence to support local AIV control strategies and enhance preparedness in Kaduna and similar endemic settings.