Screen Time and Young People: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Evidence on Self-Harm and Suicidality

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the impacts of screen time and screen behaviours on suicidality and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in children and young people. Methods: A systematic search was conducted of the following databases: CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search identified 61 eligible studies comprising 338,472 participants aged up to 18 years, drawn from 16 countries. A random effects meta-analysis of odds ratios was conducted on 15 studies. Results: Meta-analysis revealed that screen time was measured inconsistently across studies, yet frequent screen use – particularly nocturnal smartphone use – was significantly associated with increased odds of NSSI and suicidal behaviours. Internet addiction (IA) showed strong links to suicidal behaviours, often mediated by insomnia, depression, or anxiety. Internet gaming disorder (IGD) also predicted suicidality and NSSI, while mobile phone and social media addiction demonstrated weaker but significant associations. IA was positively associated with NSSI across all seven relevant studies. Structural models identified depression, loneliness, and interpersonal problems as key mediators. Some gender disparities emerged, with females reporting higher NSSI and suicidality, and males showing higher rates of digital addiction. Conclusion: While these findings highlight concerning associations between excessive screen time and suicidality, they are limited by methodological heterogeneity and inconsistency, raising questions about directionality – whether excessive screen time contributes to poor mental health or preexisting vulnerabilities drive increased screen use.