Optimized Operation of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Energy Storage Systems and Demand Response Based on Stackelberg Game Theory

Integrated Energy System (IES) can reduce carbon emissions, enhance economic efficiency, and improve energy utilization by coordinating the output, start-up, and shutdown status of multi-energy devices such as electricity, heat, and natural gas. To improve the energy utilization rate and economic efficiency of park-level integrated energy systems with multiple energy modules while reducing carbon emissions, this paper proposes an optimized operation strategy for IES under a carbon trading mechanism, incorporating the joint operation of energy storage systems and demand response mechanisms based on the Stackelberg game theory. First, models of IES incorporating carbon trading mechanisms, demand response mechanisms, and energy storage systems were established to reduce carbon emissions, optimize supply-demand balance, and enhance energy efficiency, respectively. Second, a game framework between the energy supply side and the user side was designed: the energy supply side formulates energy pricing strategies, while the user side adjusts energy demand to maximize economic benefits. Finally, four scenarios were constructed considering energy storage systems and demand response mechanisms. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly improves energy utilization, reduces carbon emissions,and maximizes economic benefits, verifying its superiority and practicality.