Evolution of Technology for National Security: Advances and Contributions of Artificial Intelligence

The evolution of emerging technologies has profoundly transformed national security, driving continuous improvements in threat detection, operational efficiency, and strategic decision-making. Over the past decades, advances in artificial intelligence, remote sensing, cybersecurity, robotics, and unmanned aerial systems have strengthened the ability of governments and institutions to anticipate, prevent, and respond to risks with greater precision and speed. This exploratory review analyzes the historical and technological progression that has led to the integration of these innovations into modern security systems, emphasizing their role in transforming surveillance infrastructures, communication networks, and defense strategies. The study followed the PRISMA® methodology, examining scientific literature retrieved from SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Taylor & Francis databases. Articles were selected by two reviewers, yielding a Cohen’s Kappa coefficient of 0.458, indicating moderate agreement. The findings reveal a global convergence in the adoption of intelligent and interconnected technologies that enhance resilience and situational awareness. However, the study also highlights the challenges related to ethical use, cybersecurity risks, and adaptation to dynamic geopolitical contexts. Ultimately, the technological evolution driving national security represents not only a transformation of tools and methods but also a redefinition of how nations protect their sovereignty and citizens in the twenty-first century.