Extraction and Identification of the potential antidiabetic compounds from Nyctanthes arbortristis floral extract: an in vivo approach

Purpose This study examined the biochemical profile of an ethanolic extract from the flowers of the native plant Nyctanthes arbortristis . This work reports on an evaluation of its antidiabetic efficacy for therapeutic usage. Methods We performed an intensive biochemical examination using FT-IR, GC-MS, LC-MS, and UV-visible spectroscopy analyses to identify functional groups and bioactive components. The acute oral toxicity of the crude extract was evaluated in accordance with OECD guidelines. Further, the in vivo antidiabetic efficacy was evaluated against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The body weights, blood glucose levels, plasma insulin levels, and hemoglobin levels were observed in the treated and control rats. We also measured biochemical parameters of the liver, kidney, and lipid functions. Additionally, histopathological studies of pancreatic and liver tissues were conducted to ensure the recovery of these organs. Results LC-MS and GC-MS analyses highlight the presence of antidiabetic bioactive compounds, including quercetin, crocetin, nyctanthoside, arbortristoside B, nicotiflorin, kaempferol and cinnamic acid. The extract improved insulin release, stabilized liver and kidney indicators, and lowered fasting blood glucose by up to 77.17%. According to the histopathological analysis, the pancreatic islets and liver tissue have fully recovered. Acute toxicity tests confirmed safety up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusion The combined action of flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids shows that the ethanolic flower extract of N. arbor-tristis has prominent organ-protective and anti-hyperglycemic activity. This supports its potential as a highly effective phytotherapeutic treatment for diabetes and related metabolic disorders.