The Economic Growth and Environmental Impact of India's Urbanization Journey Using Machine Learning

Urbanization in India has played a significant role in driving economic transformation, yet it has simultaneously intensified environmental and social challenges. This study examines the patterns, determinants, and consequences of India’s urban growth from 1960 to 2025 by integrating demographic and economic indicators such as population density, fertility rate, rural–urban ratio, and life expectancy. Data from the World Bank and Macrotrends were analyzed using multiple machine learning models, including Linear Regression, Ridge, Lasso, Random Forest, ARIMA, VARMAX, and LSTM, to forecast urbanization trends and assess their socio-environmental implications. The results reveal a consistent rise in the urban population accompanied by a decline in fertility and rural population share, reflecting rapid migration toward cities for employment and better living conditions. However, this growth has also intensified environmental issues such as pollution, deforestation, and loss of agricultural land. The study underscores the need for sustainable urban planning, equitable policy frameworks, and data-driven governance to balance economic expansion with environmental preservation. Furthermore, the findings highlight how smart city initiatives and green infrastructure can mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization. Comparative insights suggest that India’s challenges resemble those of other developing nations, emphasizing the urgency of adopting sustainable and inclusive urban growth strategies..