Spatial Differentiation and Perception of Urban Park Cultural Ecosystem Services from a Multiscale Perspective: Evidence from the Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration

This study constructs a multi-scale spatial differentiation assessment model by integrating a theoretical framework derived from a systematic literature review with public perceptions reflected in online crowdsourced reviews, to analyze the supply characteristics and perception mechanisms of cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by urban parks. Taking 577 urban parks in the Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration as empirical cases, the research synthesizes theoretically coded findings from core literature with semantic information extracted from online reviews, revealing the following key insights: First, public and expert cognition diverge, with public perception concentrating on experiential dimensions such as “Waterfront Experience” and “Environmental Sanitation & Comfort”, whereas experts focus on macro-ecological attributes such as “Ecological Functions” and “Spatial Pattern”. Second, urban parks form a multifunctional network centered on ecological experience, social vitality, and cultural aesthetics, underscoring the spatial heterogeneity of green space systems. Third, basic services including facility convenience and core landscapes including waterfront experience exhibit a dynamic interplay of synergies and trade-offs. Fourth, the distribution of park functions is coupled with urban spatial morphology and the blue–green network, providing support for green infrastructure planning.