Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge Integration for Improved Crop Diversification and Sustainability in the Garhwal Himalayas

Agriculture in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India, is shaped by a unique interplay of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) and Scientific Knowledge (SK) within rugged, fragile landscapes. This study quantitatively assessed the adoption patterns of IK and SK for crop diversification in the Rawain region of Uttarkashi District, surveying 300 farming households across 12 villages at varying altitudes. Results indicate that IK remains dominant in land preparation, weed and post-harvest management, and storage due to its cultural significance and local suitability. In contrast, scientific interventions, particularly pest management strategies and the adoption of hybrid crop varieties, are increasingly employed to address new agronomic challenges. Crop diversification dominated by high-value hybrids such as apples, peas, and tomatoes emerges as a principal income strategy, balancing resilience against climate variability and market risks. Correlation analysis reveals that, while diversification introduces risks such as weather unpredictability and pest outbreaks, farmers perceive pronounced benefits, including improved income, enhanced nutrition, and greater climate resilience. The findings highlight an evolving, pragmatic integration of local traditions and scientific advances. This study highlights the need for policy frameworks and extension models that validate Indigenous practices while promoting scientifically informed innovation to promote sustainable mountain agriculture globally.