Hypocenter distribution of volcanic earthquakes beneath Mount Sinabung (Oct 2023–Apr 2024) using an adaptive-damping Geiger relocation

We relocated 61 volcanic earthquakes recorded around Mount Sinabung between October 2023 and April 2024 using a Geiger least-squares algorithm with adaptive damping to produce a rigorously vetted hypocenter catalogue; the dataset contains 34 deep events (2.5–14 km) and 27 shallow events (0.3–2.0 km), with epicenters concentrated within 0–5 km of the summit and cross-sections revealing vertically continuous, segmented pathways consistent with multi-stage magma transport, while per-event ± 10% \(\:Vp\) sensitivity tests and station jackknife analyses confirm robust classifications for the majority of events and flag model-sensitive cases for cautious interpretation.