Antibacterial efficacy of Clematis simensis mediated Copper Oxide nanoparticles against Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens

Recent advancements in material science and green nanotechnology have led to the development of bio-inspired nanoparticles, which offer promising and sustainable meet for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria pathogens a major public health concern and provide an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical synthesis. Hence CS-CuONPs were synthesized using ethanolic leaf extract of Clematis simensis , confirmed by using analytical techniques, evaluate their antibacterial potential by using agar well diffusion and MIC by resazurin-based micro-dilution assay. Phytochemical, GC-MS, and FTIR analysis revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, bioactive compounds like eugenol and methyl eugenol, OH functional group in ethanolic leaf extract could responsible for the synthesis of CS-CuONPs. A visible color changes and a UV-Vis peak at 286 nm confirming the formation of CS-CuONPs. XRD analysis raveled a crystalline with an average size of 22.7 nm, with zeta potential of -28.3 mV, indicated moderate stability and high surface negative charge. SEM and TEM revealed that CS-CuONPs were predominantly needle shape with irregular clusters, with an average size of 18.4 nm. The results confirmed that CS-CuONPs showed that strong dose depended antibacterial activities against the tested B. subtilis , with the highest zone of inhibition of 30 mm with MIC in the range of 100–400 µg/ml. Whereas other bacterial strains E. faecalis and K. pneumoniae showed moderate zone of inhibition of 20 mm. These results suggested that Clematis simensis , enhances the stability and antibacterial efficacy of CS-CuONPs could be used for potential alternative for developing nano-formulation combating multidrug-resistant bacteria.