The Riemann Hypothesis Emerges in Dynamical Quantum Phase Transitions

The Riemann Hypothesis (RH), one of the most profound unsolved problems in mathematics, concerns the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Linking these zeros to physical phenomena offers new perspectives on their origin and verification. Here we establish a direct correspondence between these zeros and dynamical quantum phase transitions in two quantum many-body systems, characterized by the average accumulated phase factor and the Loschmidt amplitude respectively. This precise correspondence recasts the RH as the emergence of phase transitions at a unique temperature and identifies it as a previously unknown transition mechanism. We demonstrate this correspondence in a proof-of-principle experiment on a quantum processor. Moreover, we propose a quantum computational framework that implements both systems with polynomial resources, suggesting quantum advantage in probing the hypothesis. Our work bridges nonequilibrium quantum dynamics and number theory, positioning quantum computing as a powerful platform for exploring mathematical conjectures, phase transitions and beyond.