Phenotypic variation of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) across size classes in Côte d'Ivoire

Parkia biglobosa , "African locust bean" is a multipurpose savannah tree species of considerable socio-economic and cultural importance across West Africa. This study evaluated phenotypic diversity within three natural populations in Côte d'Ivoire using 13 morphological descriptors for individuals exceeding 5 cm diameter at breast height. Univariate and multivariate analyses examined intra- and inter-population variability across diameter classes. Results demonstrated substantial variation in dendrometric traits within sites, whilst foliar characteristics exhibited lower variability across developmental stages. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences amongst stands for eight parameters. Although dendrometric variables distinguishing size classs varied between sites, four foliar traits consistently differentiated them across all developmental stages. Multifactorial analyses indicated that expression of discriminant traits, particularly dendrometric parameters, intensified with tree age, reflecting increased morphological variation amongst size classs. Distinct morphological groups were identified at all developmental stages, irrespective of geographical distance, suggesting underlying genetic or ecological relationships. These groups were primarily distinguished by foliar characteristics. This research provides essential baseline data for selection, conservation, and domestication programmes targeting P. biglobosa , whilst contributing to enhanced sustainable management of this valuable agroforestry resource.