Efficient Ways of Agricultural Water Usage & Storage Technology using Controlled Release Gelatin-based hydrogel Fertiliser

Background Conventional agricultural practices in water-scarce regions like Pakistan face significant challenges related to inefficient water use and nutrient loss from traditional fertilisers, leading to environmental degradation and reduced crop yields. This investigation addressed these challenges through the development of a novel agricultural amendment. Objective The study aimed to design, synthesise, and comprehensively characterise a controlled-release hydrogel fertiliser (CRHF) capable of enhancing soil water retention and providing a gradual, sustained release of essential plant nutrients. Methodology: A biocompatible hydrogel was synthesised using gelatin, PVA, and sodium polyacrylate as the polymer matrix, with DAP encapsulated as the nutrient source. The formulation was guided by computational modelling of permutations and combinations. The final product was subjected to a rigorous analysis of its physical, chemical, and microbiological properties, including solubility profiling, thermal stability assessment, and microbial interaction studies. Results The synthesised CRHF was a thermally stable, solid material with a high melting point (150–200°C). Chemical analysis revealed a unique pH-responsive solubility profile; the material was soluble in strong acids but insoluble in basic media and most organic solvents, indicating a robust, dual-network structure stabilised by extensive hydrogen bonding. Microbiological tests confirmed the hydrogel's biocompatibility, as it supported the growth of common soil fungi (Aspergillus & Niger), demonstrating that the encapsulated nutrients were bioavailable. Conclusion The synthesised CRHF demonstrated significant potential as an innovative agricultural material. Its combined properties of high water retention, controlled nutrient release, and inherent biocompatibility make it a viable solution for improving agrarian sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions.