Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of zootherapists regarding mpox and other zoonotic disease threats in Nigeria

Background Zootherapy, the use of animal-based products in traditional medicine, is a deeply ingrained practice across many parts of Africa, including Nigeria. It holds particular significance in rural communities where access to modern healthcare is limited. Methods This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of traditional healers (zootherapists) regarding mpox (formerly called monkeypox) along the bushmeat value chain and potential public health risks for zoonotic pathogen spillover events. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Lagos, Rivers, and Bauchi states, selected for their high mpox case burden and active bushmeat trade. Sixty-five zootherapists were randomly interviewed using semi-qualitative questionnaires administered via the Kobocollect app. Data collected included socio-demographic information, handling practices, and assessment of level of awareness of zoonotic diseases. Knowledge scores were assigned based on respondents’ understanding of mpox and related risks. Results The findings revealed that most respondents were older males with limited or no formal education. A significant lack of protective measures was observed; only 16.9% used protective clothing while handling wildlife. Awareness of zoonotic risks was low; only 21.54% recognized wildlife as disease or pathogen reservoirs, and familiarity with mpox symptoms was minimal. Notably, 36.9% claimed there was no health risk associated with consuming bushmeat. Field observations revealed risky practices such as ingestion, inhalation and typical administration remedies prepared using wildlife body parts. Conclusion The study highlighted a significant gap in knowledge regarding mpox and other zoonotic diseases among zootherapists. It underscores the urgent need for public health interventions tailored to zootherapists to mitigate zoonotic disease risks.