Virtual Reality and Simulation Integration for Sustainable Design and Construction Education: A Systematic Literature Review

This systematic literature review explores the integration of virtual reality (VR) and simulation technologies in advancing sustainable design and construction education. Guided by PRISMA methodology, the study synthesizes evidence from 54 peer-reviewed articles to examine how immersive technologies enhance conceptual understanding, practical skill development, and sustainability competencies among architecture, engineering, and construction learners. The findings reveal that VR and augmented reality (AR) foster experiential and constructivist learning , enabling students to visualize complex building systems, simulate material lifecycles, and engage in collaborative design tasks within realistic, risk-free environments. Such immersive pedagogies bridge the long-standing gap between theoretical instruction and real-world practice, supporting the cultivation of sustainability-oriented mindsets and professional readiness. However, the review also identifies persistent challenges, including high implementation costs, limited instructional design expertise, and issues of accessibility and inclusivity. Despite these barriers, the synthesis highlights significant pedagogical advantages and offers strategic recommendations for integrating immersive tools into sustainable construction curricula. The paper concludes by proposing a conceptual roadmap for future research and curriculum innovation that leverages immersive technologies to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to quality education and sustainable cities.