Eco-Friendly Magnetic Nanocatalysts: Optimized Pyrrole Synthesis via Ternary FexCuyMzOk(M = Zn, Mn) Nanocomposites

Ternary magnetic nanocomposites of composition Fe _x Cu _y Zn _z O _k and Fe _x Cu _y Mn _z O _k were synthesized via a cost-effective, linker-free approach and characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. These materials exhibited significant catalytic activity in the multicomponent synthesis of pyrrole derivatives from aromatic aldehydes, anilines, and ethyl pyruvate. Under mild conditions (room temperature, 2h), Fe _x Cu _y Zn _z O _k yielded N-heterocyclic products in 78–93% isolated yield. Crystallite sizes of 50.2 nm and saturation magnetization values of 50–60 emu/g were determined. The catalyst retained greater than 90% activity over five successive reaction cycles, demonstrating durability and facile magnetic recovery. Synergistic effects among the metal oxide components contribute to the enhanced catalytic performance and structural stability. This work presents a versatile heterogeneous catalytic system for organic synthesis with potential utility in related transformations .