Flexible MXenesponge piezoresistive array for multi-point hand-pressure monitoring in badminton forehand smashes

This investigation developed a flexible piezoresistive sensor array based on an MXene/sponge thin film to enable multi-point monitoring of palmar pressure during the badminton forehand smash. The system captures pressure–time profiles at six key palmar sites (thumb, index, middle, ring, little finger, and heel of the palm) across discrete technical phases and compares characteristic patterns between athletes of different skill levels. Using literature review, laboratory fabrication and testing, and statistical analysis, the MXene/sponge array was shown to provide a wide detection range, high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent stability, while remaining lightweight, low-cost, and environmentally robust. The device reliably performs multi-point monitoring throughout the entire smash, supporting intelligent feedback for technical training and skill assessment. Quantitative analyses reveal significant phase-specific differences in palmar loading across expertise levels: elite players exhibit a patterned “tension–release” control with coordinated timing and magnitude, whereas novice and intermediate players show suboptimal timing, amplitude regulation, and inter-digit coordination. Indices such as curve regularity, uniformity, and peak distribution enable objective evaluation of technical proficiency and training effects. Beyond the forehand smash, the platform is extensible to other badminton skills and to racquet sports including tennis and table tennis, indicating broad application potential.