Efficacy of 3D-printed brain model for the simulation of external ventricular drainage

Purpose: Three-dimensional (3D)-printed brain models for neurosurgical training are gaining popularity. This study aimed to evaluate the educational efficacy of a 3D-printed model designed specifically for external ventricular drainage (EVD) training for neurosurgical residents. Methods: A prospective study involving neurosurgical residents was conducted between March 2024 and March 2025. A total of 18 residents were involved (n = 10 in Kocher’s point group and n = 8 in the Frazier’s point group). Procedural accuracy, time, and proficiency were assessed, along with surveys, to evaluate the educational efficacy of the model. Results: Significant improvements were noted in procedural performance between the first and second simulations in terms of burr hole location, time taken for burr hole trephination and ventriculostomy, as well as overall proficiency. Residents in the Kocher’s point group showed improvements in burr hole location (p = 0.025), burr hole trephination time (mean reduction of 39.2 seconds, p = 0.003), ventriculostomy time (mean reduction of 70.6 seconds, p = 0.002), and overall proficiency (p = 0.034). The Frazier’s point group improved in burr hole trephination time (mean reduction of 37.6 seconds, p = 0.041), EVD placement accuracy (p = 0.014), and overall proficiency (p = 0.014). Surveys indicated strong residents’ satisfaction (median score 5) and high faculty rating regarding anatomical resemblance (median scores 4–5). Conclusions: In this study, the 3D-printed EVD training model significantly enhanced neurosurgical residents’ procedural skills. The result suggests substantial educational value and potential of the model as a practical alternative to traditional cadaveric training methods.