Masquerade of fruits as stones ensures reproductive success in Phyllolobium heydei

Masquerade is a sophisticated form of camouflage in which organisms have evolved morphological traits that closely resemble inanimate objects within their environment, thereby reducing detection by potential predators [1,2]. Classic examples include stick insects (Phryganistria spp.) mimicking twigs, caterpillars of swallowtail butterflies (Papilio spp.) and the spider Ornithoscatoides decipiens, both resembling bird droppings [1]. In contrast, cases of masquerade in plants are exceedingly rare, with the living stones (Lithops spp.) of South Africa being a well-known example [3]. Here, we report evidence of an unusual plant organ masquerade case in Phyllolobium heydei, whose fruits have evolved to a striking resemblance to surrounding stones in alpine scree habitats. This phenotypic adaptation likely enhances reproductive success by reducing herbivore damage in harsh alpine environments.