Urban Food Insecurity in Nigeria: A Multilevel Analysis of Nationally Representative Data

Background With rapid urbanization, food insecurity has become an increasingly critical yet understudied issue in Sub-Saharan Africa’s urban population. This study addresses a significant research gap by examining the prevalence and determinants of food insecurity among urban households in Nigeria. Methodology: Food insecurity was assessed via the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), with item responses analyzed using the Rasch model to ensure valid measurement of the latent food insecurity construct. Multilevel logistic regression was then employed to identify key predictors of moderate or severe food insecurity. Results The results show that nearly 7 in 10 urban households experienced moderate or severe food insecurity. Higher risk for food insecurity was observed among households with heads aged 36–45, larger family size (> 5 members), lower education levels, and those living in the Southeast region. Protective factors for food insecurity included higher household wealth, homeownership, ownership of farmland or livestock, having children under the age of five, and living in the Northwest, Northeast, or Southwest regions. Conclusion The study provides robust empirical evidence underscoring the need for urban-focused, multisectoral policy responses. Interventions must extend beyond individual-level drivers to address structural inequities through regionally specific strategies. Scaling up social protection, advancing economic inclusion, and investing in urban agriculture are essential for ensuring equitable food security across Nigeria’s expanding urban landscape.