Green synthesis and comprehensive physicochemical characterization of rosewood oil-based nanoemulsions with evaluation of their therapeutic efficacy

Nowadays, nanoemulsions have garnered significant attention as efficient carriers for the targeted delivery of bioactive compounds, enhancing their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. This study focused on the synthesis and characterization of two distinct nanoemulsions: one comprising rosewood oil and grape seed oil (N1), and the other containing rosewood oil and rose essential oil (N2). Both formulations were successfully prepared via ultrasonic emulsification. The average droplet sizes were determined as 378 ± 0.2 nm for N1 and 216 ± 0.8 nm for N2. Thermal stability assessments confirmed the robustness of both nanoemulsions, which appeared as opaque white liquids with pH values of 4.76 and 4.98 for N1 and N2, respectively. Chemical analysis revealed linalool as the predominant volatile component in rosewood oil, comprising 85.12% of its composition. In vitro evaluations demonstrated that both nanoemulsions exhibited superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities compared to their individual oil components, with the N1 formulation showing a marked therapeutic advantage. These findings suggest the potential application of such nanoemulsions in therapeutic and cosmeceutical fields.