Association between serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol, dietary energy density and lifestyle factors in women with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Objective High dietary energy density (DED) is a recognized risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whereas balanced diets and adequate physical activity support glycemic regulation. This study investigated serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) as a short-term biomarker of glycemic control in women with newly diagnosed T2DM and explored its associations with glycemic markers, DED, and lifestyle factors. Methods Eighty-eight women (44 with T2DM, 44 healthy controls; 45–65 years) participated. Sociodemographic data, medical history, and physical activity were recorded. Anthropometric and body composition measures were obtained, and biochemical parameters (HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin, cholesterol fractions, triglycerides, C-peptide, and 1,5-AG) were analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day dietary records, and DED was calculated as energy (kcal) from foods, excluding beverages, per gram. Results Serum 1,5-AG was significantly lower in T2DM patients (5.03 ± 1.42 µg/mL) compared with controls (13.05 ± 4.96 µg/mL) (p < 0.05). HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, and HOMA-IR were significantly elevated in T2DM (p < 0.05). Although total energy intake was similar, patients consumed more protein, fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and fiber, while carbohydrate intake and DED were lower (p < 0.05). Correlations emerged between dietary/lifestyle factors and glycemic indicators. In multivariable regression, 1,5-AG was independently associated with HbA1c (p < 0.001), sleep duration (p < 0.05), and DED (p < 0.05). Conclusion Reduced serum 1,5-AG in T2DM supports its utility as a short-term biomarker of glycemic regulation. Its links with HbA1c, sleep, and DED emphasize the interplay between lifestyle and metabolic control. Integrating 1,5-AG into clinical evaluation may enhance individualized management in T2DM.