Bioinspired All-in-One Wound Dressing: Integrating Photothermal-Enhanced Drainage and Strain-Sensing Monitoring for Intelligent Healing

The effective management of chronic infected wounds faces multiple challenges such as fluid accumulation, easy recurrence of infection, and slow healing process. The core difficulty lies in achieving efficient fluid drainage and continuous antibacterial action. Inspired by the asymmetrical wetting property of the Pistia stratiotes, this study designed a biomimetic asymmetric double-layer electrospun nanofiber membrane, integrating one-way drainage, photothermal enhanced evaporation, antibacterial and strain-sensing functions to promote chronic wound healing. This membrane is composed of the upper layer of hydrophilic polyurethane modified with tannic acid-iron-AgNWs complex (PU-xTA/Fe ³⁺ /xAg) and the lower layer of hydrophobic PU. Through the gradient of wetting property induced by interface contact, the liquid can be directly pumped from the hydrophobic layer to the hydrophilic layer within 10 s. Moreover, the TA/Fe ³⁺ complex in the hydrophilic layer endows the material with excellent photothermal properties, enabling rapid evaporation of secretions and irreversible damage to bacteria, thereby effectively inhibiting infection, reducing inflammation, and promoting fibroblast activity and wound repair. Animal experiments showed that the wound treated with this nanofiber membrane had a healing rate of up to 94.6%. Additionally, combined with the conductive network of deposited silver nanowires, this nanofiber membrane possesses a wide strain range (160%), high sensitivity (gauge factor 7399), rapid response (< 400 ms), which can continuously monitor body surface movement and issue warnings when the wound undergoes excessive deformation. This study provides an intelligent scaffold solution integrating drainage, antibacterial properties, wound healing promotion, and real-time monitoring for the comprehensive management of chronic infected wounds, demonstrating significant clinical translation potential.