Efficacy of Protein-Rich Soy Biscuits on Growth Parameters of Stunted Children in West Java, Indonesia: A Randomised Controlled Study

A minute reduction in stunting rates from 21.6% in 2022 to 21.5% in 2023 called for more innovative strategies to address stunting in Indonesia. One such approach involves dietary supplementation with high-quality protein, which is essential for catch-up growth in stunted children. This study evaluated a 3-months intervention using protein-rich biscuits on the growth and nutritional status of stunted children aged 24–59 months in Garut Regency, West Java. The intervention group (30 children) consumed 10 pieces of high-protein biscuits (100 g/day, 16% protein), while the control group (25 children) received equivalent protein from eggs, tofu, and tempeh. The primary objective was to assess changes in height-for-age z-scores (HAZ), along with secondary outcomes like mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight, height, weight-for-age (WAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ). Results showed a significant improvement in HAZ for the intervention group (from − 2.43 to -2.30; Cohen's d = 0.69), while the control group saw no significant change (HAZ remained at -2.45; Cohen's d = 0.02). Additionally, the intervention group had greater gains in weight, height, and MUAC per gram of protein consumed, suggesting more efficient protein utilization. The results suggest that protein-rich biscuits using heat-treated soy protein concentrate could enhance protein bioavailability and digestibility.