Agriculture in Transition: Governance and Infrastructure as Pillars of Food Security

The problem of climate change is increasingly threatening the output and food security in the agricultural sector, especially in the developing economies where institutional and infrastructural strengths are limited. It was found that the interaction between climatic variability, the quality of governance, and the access to electricity determines the agricultural and nutritional performance in 28 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states between 1990 and 2024. We apply balanced panel data analysis based on fixed-effects and random-effects estimators and supplemented by robustness diagnostics and qualitative evidence of the country to draw on an integrated theoretical approach that fuses Ricardian, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Institutional perspectives. It shows that the increases in temperatures and unpredictable rainfall severely diminish the output of agriculture and the unpredictability of the two factors are somewhat alleviated by elevated access to electricity and good governance, which improves food security. Partially mechanized, intensified in input CO 2 emissions have a positive but reducing impact on yields. The moderating factor is that the governance effectiveness is found to be critical- less severe food insecurity is evident in countries with greater institutional quality under similar climatic stress. These results prove that it is important to foster the role of technical adaptation but not only but to employ long-term gains in the areas of governance, rural electrification, and infrastructure to enhance climate resilience in the agricultural sector. The analysis offers the empirical data to inform the integration of climate-Smart agriculture policy and justifies the necessity of joined institutional changes to attain the sustainable food system across the OIC region.