Insight into MHD Flow and Heat Transfer of Tri-Hybrid Williamson Nanofluids with Thermal Stratification in a Darcy-Forchheimer Porous Framework

Efficient thermal management plays a crucial role in advanced industrial processes, environmental control, and energy conversion systems, where conventional cooling fluids often fail to meet modern performance demands. This motivates the use of ternary hybrid nanofluids, which offer enhanced thermal properties by combining multiple types of nanoparticles. The ternary hybrid nanofluid's flow dynamics and heat transfer over a vertically stretched cylinder embedded in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium are examined in this work. The purpose is to assess how thermal efficiency is affected by radiative heat transmission, thermal stratification, magnetic field strength, Williamson non-Newtonian fluid properties, and non-uniform heat generation. Conservation laws are applied to construct the governing nonlinear boundary-layer equations, and similarity transformations are used to convert them into dimensionless ordinary differential equations. MATLAB's bvp4c shooting approach is used to solve these equations numerically in order to analyze the profiles of local Nusselt numbers, temperature, skin friction, and velocity. The findings show that, owing to their increased thermal conductivity, ternary hybrid nanofluids considerably outperform conventional and binary nanofluids in terms of heat transfer performance. Temperature gradients are exacerbated by increasing the volume percentage of nanoparticles, whereas heat transfer is decreased and fluid motion is suppressed by magnetic fields and thermal stratification. These results inform the development of porous media-based thermal systems and high-efficiency cooling methods.