Mindfulness-induced modulation of resting-state networks functional connectivity in depressed adults: A systematic review

Objectives: Depression is linked to abnormalities in resting-state networks (RSNs) such as the Default Mode Network (DMN), Salience Network (SN), and Frontoparietal Network (FPN). Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are effective for treating depression, but their impact on functional connectivity (FC) within and between RSNs remains unclear. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on how MBIs modulate RSN connectivity in depressed adults. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review research fMRI studies on MBI-induced changes in RSNs in depressed adults (18–67 years), using three databases up to September 2024. Both randomized (RCT) and non-randomized controlled trials (non-RCT) were considered. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB and ROBINS-I tools. Results: Search resulted in 364 articles, and after removing duplicates, 239 underwent screening checking. Nineteen studies underwent text assessment for elegibility, with 13 articles meeting inclusion criteria, including ten RCT, and three non-RCT. MBIs modulated RSN connectivity, with decreased intra-FC in the DMN and reduced inter-FC between DMN-FPN and SN-FPN. These changes were associated with symptom improvement. Conclusions: Despite heterogeneity across studies regarding study designs, sample sizes, populations, and methodological approaches to analyzed FC, findings support a potential mechanism through which MBIs alleviate depressive symptoms by altering RSN connectivity. This reinforces the value of the Triple Network Model as a theoretical framework for understanding depression and highlights the potential for neural biomarkers in future interventions.