Strategic Implementation of First and Last Mile Solutions for Urban Public Transit in India: An ISM-MICMAC Multi-Criteria Decision Making Analysis

Efficient first and last mile connectivity is vital for enhancing the overall effectiveness and accessibility of public transportation (PT) systems, especially in rapidly urbanising countries like India. Despite national initiatives such as the Smart Cities Mission, the National Urban Transport Policy, and Bharatmala Pariyojana, Indian cities continue to face persistent challenges in delivering seamless PT services. This research highlights the critical role of first and last mile connectivity in bridging gaps between major transit nodes and passengers’ origins or destinations, directly impacting user satisfaction and PT ridership. The study undertakes a comprehensive policy review and evaluates on-ground implementations in major urban centres, identifying key achievements and systemic barriers. To prioritise policy and infrastructure alternatives, a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach—specifically the ISM-MICMAC method—is employed to identify key variables that drive the system and the relationships between them. It also highlights the critical factors requiring attention and suggests strategies for effective intervention. The results reveal that integrated planning, multimodal access, and investment in non-motorised and digital mobility solutions significantly influence success. Policy implications include the need for inclusive, context-sensitive strategies that promote walkability, last-mile services, and real-time information systems. The analysis serves as an evidence-based foundation for formulating targeted, scalable, and people-centric interventions, ultimately aiming to transform India’s urban transport landscape through improved connectivity and accessibility.