Do Executive Functions Moderate or Mediate? Exploring Their Role in the Prospective Association Between Psychopathic Traits and Conduct Problems in Children

Background Executive functions, including working memory, inhibition, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility, and planning are critical for regulating behavior and have been linked to externalizing outcomes. Similarly, psychopathic traits in childhood, particularly Callous-Unemotional, Grandiose-Deceitful, and Impulsivity-Need for Stimulation, are robust predictors of later conduct problems. Although studies have examined these relationships, findings are inconsistent regarding whether executive functions mediate or moderate the prospective association between early psychopathic traits and later conduct problems, and whether specific executive function components play distinct roles across psychopathy dimensions. Moreover, most prior work has relied on either teacher ratings or performance-based executive function measures alone, despite evidence that these approaches capture complementary aspects of executive functions. Methods This longitudinal study followed a community sample of 215 children (M _age = 8.2 years) over five years. At baseline, parents rated psychopathic traits, teachers assessed executive function difficulties (working memory, inhibition/regulation), and children completed performance-based executive function tasks (working memory, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility, and planning). At follow-up, new teachers rated conduct problems, ensuring independent assessments. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using PROCESS (Hayes, 2022), controlling for IQ, hyperactivity, and gender. Critically, both informant-based and behavioral measures of executive functions were used to capture distinct behavioral and neurocognitive processes. Results Teacher-rated inhibition and regulation deficits partially mediated and moderated the link between Impulsivity-Need for Stimulation traits and later conduct problems, suggesting impulsivity heightens behavioral risk when self-regulatory capacities are weak. Performance-based executive functions showed a different pattern for Callous-Unemotional traits: cognitive inflexibility mediated their association with conduct problems, while sustained attention deficits amplified this relationship. Stronger working memory buffered the Callous-Unemotional-conduct problem link, reducing risk. Grandiose-Deceitful traits were unrelated to executive functions or conduct problems. Notably, teacher-reported executive functions captured observable emotional/behavioral regulation deficits linked to impulsivity, whereas performance-based tasks revealed cognitive control vulnerabilities relevant to Callous-Unemotional traits. Conclusions Distinct executive function mechanisms underlie different psychopathic traits, emphasizing the importance of multi-method executive functions assessment. Findings suggest that interventions targeting both behavioral regulation (inhibition) and cognitive control (attention, flexibility, working memory) may reduce conduct problems in at-risk youth.