Advances and challenges in the regulation of autonomous navigation in the maritime sector: a systematic literature review

The development of autonomous and unmanned navigation has recently driven the transformation of the maritime sector. The safe incorporation, for the operational deployment of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) and Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV) in coexistence with conventional systems, implies significant challenges in both technological and regulatory terms. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is spearheading global efforts to define a regulatory framework that addresses the emerging realities stemming from these technologies and the increasing interest in their broader commercialization. The development of these autonomous and unmanned vessels has become a central focus of research and development within the technological domain. The literature encompasses a wide array of studies concerning the various subsystems and algorithms essential for autonomous navigation in the execution of tasks or missions within aquatic environments. Nevertheless, analyses pertaining to the regulatory framework governing the operation of these vessels in real-world applications or contexts appear to be lagging. The limited number of results obtained from searching bibliographic databases for this specific topic underscores the necessity for a meticulous search to identify articles addressing autonomous vessels from legal, political, ethical, or social standpoints. Consistent with trends observed in other fields, technological advancements outpace scholarly discussions pertaining to these considerations. It is evident that scientific and technological development does not encompass all facets. Consequently, the presence of limitations and restrictions engenders numerous needs, challenges, gaps, and unanswered questions. In contrast to articles focusing on the advancement of autonomy, the scholarly literature addressing the implications and requirements for the operation of these vessels within the maritime, riverine, and lacustrine contexts remains notably sparse. Many authors address the topic tangentially, with their work focusing on algorithms for collision prevention or avoidance that adhere to COLREG specifications. Nevertheless, the debate is not nonexistent. Several authors have conducted analyses on the operation of MASS and USV in light of the current regulatory framework. The interaction of the new technologies with conventional vessels and the evolving role of the human element in vessel operation are also subjects of ongoing reflection. This systematic literature review addresses the regulation of autonomous vessels, aiming to pinpoint key aspects that shape the ongoing debate to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the subject across its various dimensions. The operational deployment of these vessels in real-world scenarios will become a reality in the near future, necessitating convergence between technological advancements and the regulatory framework. To date, the absence of the latter has not hindered the progression of the former. Considering the potential impacts and benefits arising from the coexistence of new and conventional technologies, it is anticipated that the political and social discourse will evolve to ensure the timely and appropriate implementation of regulations.