Food label literacy and its associated factors among undergraduate medical students in Northern Maharashtra: a cross-sectional study

Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of global mortality, with dietary habits being a critical risk factor. Food labels are essential tools for making informed dietary choices, and as future healthcare professionals, medical students' literacy in this area is crucial for effective patient counselling. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to food labels among undergraduate medical students in Northern Maharashtra. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 273 undergraduate medical students at a medical college in Nashik using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a pre-piloted, self-reported questionnaire covering demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food labels. Knowledge levels were categorized as 'Poor' or 'Adequate' based on the median score of five questions. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and logistic regression. Results The majority of participants were female (59.0%), with a mean age of 21.4 years and a mean BMI of 23.3 kg/m². While general knowledge of the food safety authority (FSSAI) was high (84.40%), there were gaps in understanding specific regulations. A significant "know-do" gap was evident; students frequently checked expiry dates (39.6% 'always') but infrequently examined nutritional labels (16.1% 'always'). Logistic regression revealed that demographic factors like age, gender, and BMI were not significant predictors of food label literacy. A paradoxical association was found between following a strict diet and having poor food label knowledge. Conclusion Undergraduate medical students possess good foundational knowledge and positive attitudes towards food labels but demonstrate a significant gap between their knowledge and practical application. The findings underscore the need to integrate practical, behaviour-focused educational modules into the medical curriculum to ensure future physicians can effectively guide patients in making healthier dietary choices.