Green Analytical Evaluation of Anticancer Drugs: A Multi-Tool Assessment of HPLC and LC-MS Methods

Cancer continues to be a significant health challenge in the world. Anticancer treatments are developing rapidly, but the analytical techniques used to support these treatments in terms of drug development and monitoring often involve hazardous solvents and create much waste compared to other technologies. This study attempt to apply Green Analytical Chemistry principles in high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs. Sixteen analytical methods were evaluated using five well-known greenness assessment tools: AGREE, GAPI, AGREEprep, Analytical Eco-Scale, and Blue Analytical Greenness Index. These tools provided a comprehensive evaluation of environmental sustainability in relation to reagent toxicity, waste production, energy consumption and preparation of samples. The most environmentally sustainable as well as practically implementable among the assessed methodologies are Methods HPLC-1, LC-MS-2, HPLC-7, LC-MS-3, and HPLC-8. Most methods incorporate toxic solvents acetonitrile and methanol even after great development; greener solvents such as ethanol and water-based systems should replace them more significantly in future strategies. Greenness assessment methods must be integrated into validation/development processes involving safer solvents for sustainability principles upheld while reducing environmental risk together with analytical performance maintenance toward global health success versus ecological preservation.