Near Field Melt-Electrowriting of Bioglass loaded Ultrathin Fibrous 3D-Hierarchy as Tissue Engineering Template – A Practical Approach

Personalized Three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds represent an advancement in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, offering customizable implants that closely match the unique anatomical and pathological needs of individual patients. 3D printing of polymeric scaffolds enables the precise fabrication of complex structures with customizable porosity and mechanical properties. Despite the potential of 3D printing, achieving interconnected fibrous hierarchy that closely mimic the natural extracellular matrix remains a challenge. In this context, melt electrospinning and its utilization in near field electrowriting could be an emerging technique in the field of tissue engineering for tailorable architecture and mechanical properties that meet the specific requirements of various tissue types. But the challenges remain in optimizing processing parameters to ensure reproducibility and functionality of the scaffolds in cost effective way. Hence, we aim to refine this knowledge by developing a specialized 3D printing system that reduces polymer viscosity through controlled heating while enhancing electrical conductivity. Bioactive cues were integrated into fibrous scaffolds to improve biological activity and maintain mechanical strength for native tissue models. Process parameters were systematically optimized, and scaffold properties were characterized through physicochemical analyses and cellular assays, demonstrating effective cell–matrix interactions and anisotropy comparable to native tissue, outperforming conventional electrospun scaffolds.