Hemodynamic Effects of Pulmonary Embolism: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Pulmonary Artery

Objectives The objective of this study is to utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate the impact of Pulmonary Embolism (PE) location and severity on pulmonary artery hemodynamics. By constructing 3D models of PE with varying anatomical positions and degrees of stenosis, this research will quantify the specific changes in key hemodynamic parameters. Methods We reconstructed a 3D model of the pulmonary artery from patient CTPA images, which included the main left and right trunks and their secondary branches. This model was used to create a healthy control and five common distinct PE scenarios. We employed the Finite Volume Method (FVM) to solve the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations, allowing for the simulation of pulmonary artery blood flow and the subsequent calculation of its hemodynamic parameters. Results All embolism models significantly increased main artery pressure, an effect most pronounced in severe or centrally located occlusions. The emboli created sharp Wall Shear Stress (WSS) gradients, concentrating high stress on the embolus while establishing low-stress zones in surrounding areas. Additionally, the blockages induced blood flow redistribution, with patterns dependent on the embolism's severity and location. Conclusion Embolus location and the severity of arterial stenosis are critical determinants of hemodynamic disturbances in PE. CFD can effectively quantify these highly patient-specific hemodynamic parameters. The resulting analyses yield valuable quantitative insights and show promise in guiding the development of personalized clinical treatment strategies.