Global, regional, and national burden of female specific cancer and their risk factors among reproductive women from 1990 to 2021, and projections to 2050

Background Female specific cancer are major health threats for reproductive women globally. Global trends vary by cancer type, region, and associated risk factors. This study assessed long-term patterns of these cancers and projected the future burden, to guide targeted interventions. Method Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. Subsequently, ASIR, ASMR and DALYs were calculated. Trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression, APC modeling, and BAPC, projecting through 2050. Result From 1990 to 2021, incidence and DALYs increased for all cancers, with breast cancer showing the largest absolute rise. High SDI regions had the highest incidence of breast and uterine cancers, while the cervical cancer burden was greatest in low SDI settings. The burden of ovarian cancer varies among different regions and populations. Key risk factors for breast cancer include high red meat intake and alcohol consumption. For cervical cancer, the main risk factors are unprotected sexual intercourse and multiple sexual partners. Uterine cancer is associated with overweight and obesity. Ovarian cancer risk factors include both overweight and obesity, as well as occupational asbestos exposure.Projections to 2050 indicate rising incidence for breast and uterine cancers and declines for cervical and ovarian cancers. Conclusion The burden of female-specific cancers among reproductive women remains substantial, with marked regional disparities. To address these disparities, prevention strategies should target modifiable risks, improve screening, and ensure equitable access to care, particularly in low SDI regions.Proactive interventions are critical to mitigate the projected rise in breast and uterine cancers and maintain the declines in cervical and ovarian cancers.