Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease in Africa: A Systematic Review

Background Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), caused by the Neethling poxvirus, presents a significant economic threat to livestock industries in Africa, affecting milk and meat production, hide quality, and trade. This systematic review evaluates the economic impact of LSD, associated financial costs, and management strategies across affected African regions. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted, identifying studies published in English from inception through 18-08-2024 to 02-10-2024. Eligible studies focused on the economic implications of LSD, including direct and indirect costs. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess risk of bias. Results Of the 160 records identified, 31 studies met the inclusion criteria. Economic losses from LSD outbreaks ranged from $1.2 million to $2.5 million per outbreak, significantly impacting milk and meat production, hide quality, and trade. Key management strategies identified include vaccination and enhanced biosecurity measures, though vaccine access remains challenging. Conclusion This review highlights the substantial economic burden of LSD on Africa’s livestock industry and emphasizes the need for improved vaccine access and robust disease surveillance. Enhanced control measures are essential to mitigate LSD’s economic impact and safeguard livestock productivity.