Comparative analysis of traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, antioxidant, and toxicity of four species of Gentiana in Mongolia

Species from the Gentianaceae family ( G.algida, G.macrophylla, G.decumbens, and G.barbata ) are used in Mongolian-Tibetan medicine for inflammation, infections, and digestive issues, but their bioactive compounds remain insufficiently studied. This study aimed to evaluate the secondary metabolite profiles, biological activities, and therapeutic potential of these four species native to Khuvsgul Province, Mongolia, combining ethnobotanical surveys with experimental analyses to validate their traditional uses. Ethnobotanical data were collected from 51 informants through questionnaires covering plant use, preparation, dosage, side effects, and habitat. RFC values were calculated to assess importance. Total phenolic and flavonoids were measured by UV spectrophotometry. Antioxidant (DPPH), antibacterial (agar block), and toxicity were determined using Artemia nauplii and evaluated with Clarkson’s index. G. macrophylla , G. decumbens , and G. algida had high RFC values (0.49, 0.78, 0.83), indicating notable traditional use. G. barbata showed the highest flavonoid content (33.4–38.6 RE/g) and antibacterial activity: four strains, while G. decumbens 2 strains found to be activity. G. decumbens and G. macrophylla had the strongest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 21.08–21.22 μg/mL). Clarkson’s index rated G. decumbens as non-toxic and G. macrophylla as medium toxic. G. decumbens has the potential to develop herbal products based on its properties, such as strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity, high traditional usage, and non-toxicity. For further study of the therapeutic effects of G. decumbens , more comprehensive studies on pharmacology are required.