The novel palmitoylation modification learning reveals ZDHHC5 promotes the progression of bladder cancer through the immune microenvironment：Muti-omics analysis combine with machine learning

The high mortality and recurrence rates of bladder cancer may be closely related to the changes in cell membranes. Palmitic acylation, a modification that adds palmitic acid molecules to protein or lipid molecules, is usually used to regulate the membrane binding, stability of molecules or participate in the signal transduction process, which may play a key role in the onset and progression of bladder cancer. Through the analysis of gene differential expression between tumor patients and the healthy control group in the BLCA dataset, our analysis revealed a notable difference in the expression levels of several palmitoylation-related genes in bladder cancer. Further univariate COX analysis revealed palmitoylation genes associated with the prognosis of bladder cancer and screened for risk factors and protective factors. We developed a palmitoylation modification learning signature (PMLS) based on multiple machine learning techniques. The PMLS showcased powerful capability in BLCA patients prognosis and drug efficacy. We revealed two different palmitoylation patterns in bladder cancer through unsupervised cluster analysis, evaluated their survival prognosis, and further explored the relationship between these patterns and factors such as immune invasion, drug sensitivity, and mRNAsi. The drug sensitivity of patients in the C2 mode is relatively high. By constructing a prognostic assessment model and conducting verification, its potential in the prognostic assessment of bladder cancer was demonstrated. The identification of the hub gene further verified the key role of ZDHHC5 in bladder cancer, providing a new perspective for the research of palmitoylated genes in the field of bladder cancer and offering candidate target drug therapy target for the development of new therapies.