Dynamic strength of iron under pressure-temperature conditions of Earth’s inner core

Iron (Fe) is a primary constituent of terrestrial planetary cores, yet its rheological properties under extreme conditions remain uncertain. Here we present direct measurements of Fe strength at 310-430 GPa pressures and 3700-5800 K temperatures, obtained using Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability experiments at the National Ignition Facility. Single-crystal α-Fe samples with [001] and [111] orientations are shock-ramp compressed past the α-ε transition along paths approaching Earth's inner core conditions. We find that ε-Fe derived from [001] α-Fe is consistently stronger (11-20 GPa), than that from [111] α-Fe (8-18 GPa), contrary to the trend at ambient conditions. Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations reproduce these values and attribute this anisotropy to microstructural evolution during the phase transition and subsequent ε-phase plasticity. Ripple growth analysis further constrains viscosities of 100-170 Pa·s under the driven conditions. Our results provide new experimental benchmarks for Fe rheology at inner-core conditions, with implications for seismic anisotropy and the geodynamo.