ANN-Powered Automatic Calculation for Fire Sprinkler Head Needed for Random Car Parking Basement Area

The increasing complexity of fire safety in basement car parking structures, compounded by high fire loads, limited ventilation, and vehicle fires, challenges the adequacy of conventional sprinkler design methods prescribed by standards such as NFPA 13, IS 15105, NBC, and OISD. Basement areas in modern buildings, especially those used for car parking, present unique challenges for fire safety due to their enclosed nature, limited ventilation, and high fire load. The accumulation of vehicles, fuel, and other combustible materials increases the risk of rapid fire spread and smoke retention, making early detection and efficient suppression critical. Automatic sprinkler systems play a vital role in mitigating these risks by providing rapid and uniform water distribution to control or extinguish fires before they escalate. The proposed ANN framework simplifies calculations, eliminates the need for iterative hydraulic methods such as Hazen–Williams, and provides faster, more representative results aligned with real-world fire dynamics. Comparative analysis demonstrates that ANN-based modeling enhances performance by offering dynamic adaptability, precision in design, and resource efficiency, while reducing both over- and under-design risks inherent in traditional methods. The findings highlight ANN-powered sprinkler design as a transformative approach, complementing prescriptive codes and paving the way toward performance-based, adaptive, and smarter fire protection systems for modern urban basement car parking facilities.